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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hnewwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hnewwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_knuo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κνύω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>knúō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to scratch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_knut" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>knüt</orth>
          <def>to itch</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hnewwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hnewwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hnewwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxnew.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚾᛖᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to knock, to push, to shove</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *knewH-e-ti, from *knewH- (‘to scrape, scratch, rub’). Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_knuo"><ref target="#cog_grc_knuo">κνύω</ref></mentioned> (knúō, ‘to scratch’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_knut"><ref target="#cog_lav_knut">knüt</ref></mentioned> (‘to itch’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hniwwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hneww</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hniwwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnewwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnewwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnewwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnewwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnuwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnaut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnuwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnuwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnuwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnuwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnuwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnuwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnuwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnuwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnuwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnuwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnuwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnuwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hnewwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hnuwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hnewwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hneuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hniuwan, niuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>niuwen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnøggva</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>negga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hnyggja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>negga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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