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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hnīwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hnīwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kneygwh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kneygʷʰ-</orth>
          <def>to bend, to droop</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_coniveo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>coniveo</orth>
          <def>to close up the eyes; to connive, turn a blind eye</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hniwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hnīwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hnīwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxniː.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚾᛁᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to bow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kneygwh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kneygwh">*kneygʷʰ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, to droop’). Perhaps cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_coniveo"><ref target="#cog_lat_coniveo">coniveo</ref></mentioned> (‘to close up the eyes; to connive, turn a blind eye’) due to matching phonetics, but the semantic gap is wide.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnīwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnīwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnīwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnīwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnīwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnīwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnīwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hniwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hnaiwt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hniwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hniwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hnigū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hniwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hnigudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hniwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hnigum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hniwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hnigud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hniwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hnigun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hniwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hnīwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hniwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hnīwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hnīgan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hnīga</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nigen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>niege</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*nīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>nigen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>nijgen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>nyg</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>nīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>nīgen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>neigen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hnīgan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hnīgan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>nîgen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hníga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>níga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>hníga</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>nige</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hníga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>nīgha</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>niga</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>niiata</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌽𐌴𐌹𐍅𐌰𐌽 (hneiwan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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