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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrabnaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrabnaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrabnaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrabnaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrabnaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɑβ.nɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚨᛒᚾᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>raven</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *krobʰ-no-s, from a root *krobʰ- likely of onomatopoeic origin, similar to that of various words for corvids in various languages; compare Swedish korp.</seg>
            <seg type="p">Older theories derived the word from a root Proto-Indo-European *ḱer-, whence also Latin corvus, Proto-Balto-Slavic *śárˀkāˀ. Regardless, these words share the same sound-symbolic logic as the Germanic.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hrabnaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hrabnōz, hrabnōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hrabną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hrabnanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hrabnas, hrabnis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hrabnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hrabnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hrabnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hrabnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hrabnamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hrabn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hrabnōz, hrabnōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>raaf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>raven, reven, revin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>raven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ravin, revin, rawin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Roave</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>raven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>raben, ram, rabe, rab, rappe, rapp, rauen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Rapp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rabe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Rab, Ramm, Rapp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ראָב (rob)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hravan, hraƀan, ravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Raav, Roov</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Rowen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rāven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>raaf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hræfn, hrefn, hræmn, hrem, hremn, hræfen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>raven, reven, revin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>raven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ravin, revin, rawin</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Roave</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>raven</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>raban, hraban, hram, ram, rabo, rappo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>raben, ram, rabe, rab, rappe, rapp, rauen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Rapp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rabe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Rab, Ramm, Rapp</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ראָב (rob)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrabō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hravan, hraƀan, ravan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rāven, rāve, rāvene, rāmme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Raav, Roov</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Rowen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hrafn, hramn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>ravnur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>hrafn</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>rabn, rabm, ravn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hrafn, hramn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>rafn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ravn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>ravn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hrafn, hramn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>hramn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>ramn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hrafn, hramn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>hramn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ramn, rampn</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>ramn, ramm, ram</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (harabanaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hrafn, hramn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rafn, ravn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ravn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Burgundian</lang>
                  <orth>Franno</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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