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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hradaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hradaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_kerdeti" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*kerdeti</orth>
          <def>to put, move</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kradao" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κραδάω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kradáō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to swing, shake</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kret" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kret-</orth>
          <def>to shake, move suddenly</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_kratit" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>kratît</orth>
          <def>to shake out</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_krist" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>krist</orth>
          <def>to fall, drop, die</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kratyti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kratýti</orth>
          <def>id.</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kristi" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kri̇̀sti</orth>
          <def>id.</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_crothaim" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>crothaim</orth>
          <def>I shake</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hradaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hradaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hradaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɑ.ðɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚨᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>quick, hasty</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Per Kroonen, most likely from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kret"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kret">*kret-</ref></mentioned> (‘to shake, move suddenly’), whence also the verbs *hurtoną and *hrattōną (‘to rush, tumble’); cognate with Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_crothaim"><ref target="#cog_sga_crothaim">crothaim</ref></mentioned> (‘I shake’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_kratit"><ref target="#cog_lav_kratit">kratît</ref></mentioned> (‘to shake out’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kratyti"><ref target="#cog_lit_kratyti">kratýti</ref></mentioned> (‘id.’), Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_krist"><ref target="#cog_lav_krist">krist</ref></mentioned> (‘to fall, drop, die’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kristi"><ref target="#cog_lit_kristi">kri̇̀sti</ref></mentioned> (‘id.’), and Lithuanian kretė́ti (‘to tremble (with old age)’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Formerly derived from Proto-Indo-European *kerd- (compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kradao"><ref target="#cog_grc_kradao">κραδάω</ref></mentioned> (kradáō, ‘I swing, brandish’), Sanskrit कूर्दति (kūrdati, ‘(s/he) leaps’), Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_kerdeti"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_kerdeti">*kerdeti</ref></mentioned> (‘puts, lays; moves’)), but the root codas (PGmc *d ~ *þ versus PIE *d) do not match. Compare Proto-Germanic *herzô (‘hinge’) and Old High German scerdo (‘hinge’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hradaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hradaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hradaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hradammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hradōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hradammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hrat, hrad, rad</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rath, *rad</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rad</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rats</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrad</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hræd, hræþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rad, radde, rade, red, ræd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>redd, red</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hraþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hrat, hrad, rad</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hraþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rath, *rad</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rat</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rad</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rats</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hraþ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hræd, hræþ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rad, radde, rade, red, ræd</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>redd, red</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hraðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hraður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rad</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hraðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>radher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rad</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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