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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hramō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hramō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kremannumi" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κρεμάννῡμῐ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kremánnūmĭ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to hang up</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kremh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱremh₂-</orth>
          <def>to hang</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_kroma" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*krōmà</orth>
          <def>edge, boundary; slice</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_krem" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)krem-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hramo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hramō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hramō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɑ.mɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚨᛗᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>frame, framework</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>rack</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>cross</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>crossbar, pole</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_krem"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_krem">*(s)krem-</ref></mentioned>, which appears to be a derivative of *(s)ker- (‘to cut’), and cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kroma"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kroma">*krōmà</ref></mentioned> (‘edge, boundary; slice’). An alternative theory links the root to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kremh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kremh2">*ḱremh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hang’), whence Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kremannumi"><ref target="#cog_grc_kremannumi">κρεμάννῡμῐ</ref></mentioned> (kremánnūmĭ, ‘to hang up’) (though Beekes is skeptical of this comparison).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hramō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hramôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hramǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hramōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hramōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hramǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hramōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hramōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hramō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hramōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hramō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hramôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rāme, raem, raam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>raam, ramen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rame</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rāme, raem, raam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>geraemte, geremte</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                          <orth>geraems, jerems</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rāme, raem, raam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>geraemte, geremte</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>geraamte</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                            <orth>geraamte</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>Geraamte, Geraamt</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                            <orth>ramt, raamt</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rāme, raem, raam</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old French</lang>
                        <orth>raime</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle French</lang>
                          <orth>ranme</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>rame</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hrame, *hrama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hramkorf, raemkorf</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Roome</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>raam</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rame, ram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Ramme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Rumm</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>raom</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rame, ram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rahmen, Ramen, Rahme, Rame</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Czech</lang>
                          <orth>rám</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Romanian</lang>
                          <orth>ramă</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>рама (rama)</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rame, ram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                        <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Silesian</lang>
                          <orth>rama, rōma</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rame, ram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                        <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>rama</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Belarusian</lang>
                            <orth>ра́ма (ráma)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Kashubian</lang>
                            <orth>rama</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                            <orth>ра́ма (ráma)</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rame, ram</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Polish</lang>
                        <orth>rama, ram</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>rama</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Russian</lang>
                            <orth>ра́ма (ráma)</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Azerbaijani</lang>
                              <orth>rama</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Ingush</lang>
                              <orth>рама (rama)</orth>
                            </form>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Yakut</lang>
                              <orth>араама (araama)</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrama, rama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rāme, rām, rāmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ramme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Estonian</lang>
                        <orth>raam</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>ramma</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Raam, Rahm, Räm, Rahmen, Rame, Ramen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>ramma</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>ramme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                        <orth>ramme</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Rämen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>ramme</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrama, rama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rāme, rām, rāmen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>rama</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>ram</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*frama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>frame</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>frame</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>frame</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hramu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*frama</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>frame</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>frame</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle English</lang>
                          <orth>framen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>English</lang>
                            <orth>frame</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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