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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrappijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrappijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_krapstyti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>krapštyti</orth>
          <def>to pick, peck, scratch, claw</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreb" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kreb-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrappijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrappijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrappijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɑp.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚨᛈᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rush</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to grasp</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreb"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreb">*(s)kreb-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack’). Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_krapstyti"><ref target="#cog_lit_krapstyti">krapštyti</ref></mentioned> (‘to pick, peck, scratch, claw’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrappijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrappijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrappijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrappijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrappijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrappidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrappidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrappidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrappidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrappidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrappidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrappidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrappidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrappidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrappidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrappidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrappidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hrappijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hrappidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hrappijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*reppen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>reppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>reppen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rep</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hreppan, hrepian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>repen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>repe, rap, rape</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hreppa, reppa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rippe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bihreppa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>räppe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>reppe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hrapfen, *hraffen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>raffen, reffen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>raffen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hreppian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>reppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>reppen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*reppen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>reppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>reppen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rep</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hreppan, hrepian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>repen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>repe, rap, rape</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hreppa, reppa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rippe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>bihreppa</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>räppe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>reppe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hrapfen, *hraffen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>raffen, reffen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>raffen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrappjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hreppian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>reppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>reppen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hreppa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hreppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>repa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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