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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hraukaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hraukaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krewh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krewH-</orth>
          <def>to pile, stack, place on top, cover</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_cruach" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>crúach</orth>
          <def>stack of corn, rick</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hraukaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hraukaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hraukaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɑu̯.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚨᚢᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>pile (of stones); heap</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>haystack</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Unknown; but apparently cognate with Lithuanian kruvà, krûvà (‘pile, heap, stack’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_cruach"><ref target="#cog_sga_cruach">crúach</ref></mentioned> (‘stack of corn, rick’). Possibly Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krewh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krewh">*krewH-</ref></mentioned> (‘to heap up’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hraukaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hraukōz, hraukōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hrauką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hraukanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hraukas, hraukis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hraukǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hraukai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hraukamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hraukō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hraukamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hrauk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hraukōz, hraukōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrauk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrōk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrauk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*hrouk, *hrōk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rooc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rook</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrauk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrēac, hrēc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rek, reek, reke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>reek, rick</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>reek, rick</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hraukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>røg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>reykur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hraukur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rauk</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hraukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>rauk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rauk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hraukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*rowk, roke, rooke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>rowke, rouk, rook</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hraukr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rø̄ker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rök</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*roukka</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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