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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrawaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrawaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krewh₂-</orth>
          <def>raw meat, fresh blood</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrawaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrawaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrawaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɑ.wɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚨᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>raw, uncooked</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krewh2">*krewh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘raw meat, fresh blood’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hrawaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hrawaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hrawaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hrawammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hrawōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hrawammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrau</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rao, *rō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roo, rou, raeu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rauw</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrau</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrēaw, hrǣw</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>raw</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>raw</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrau</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hrā, *hrē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>räi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rau</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrau</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rō, hrō, rao, rāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rō, rōch, rou, rā</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>roh</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>רוי (roy)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrau</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rō, hrō, rao, rāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rō, rōch, rou, rā</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>rüh, rieh, reh</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>réi</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrau</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrāo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rō</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>rå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ráur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>råar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hrár</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>rå</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>rå</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>rā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>rå</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scanian</lang>
                      <orth>aráer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrár</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rār</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rå</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*raaka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>raaka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*raaka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>raag-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Estonian</lang>
                      <orth>raagnahk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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