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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hreusaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hreusaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_krouo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κρούω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kroúō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to strike</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krows" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krows-</orth>
          <def>to bump, strike, push</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_krusti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>krùšti</orth>
          <def>to trample</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hreusana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hreusaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hreusaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxreu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᛖᚢᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to fall</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to rush</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krows"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krows">*krows-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bump, strike, push’); related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_krouo"><ref target="#cog_grc_krouo">κρούω</ref></mentioned> (kroúō, ‘to strike’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_krusti"><ref target="#cog_lit_krusti">krùšti</ref></mentioned> (‘to trample’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hreusō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hreusaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hreusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hriusizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hreusaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hreus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hreusazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hreusaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hriusidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hreusai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hreusadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hreusadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hreusaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hreusōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hreusaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hreusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hreusaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hreusadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hreusamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hreusaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hreusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hreusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hriusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hreusaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hriusid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hreusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hreusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hreusandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hreusain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hreusandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hreusandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hreusaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hraus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hruzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hraust</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hruzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hraus</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hruzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hruzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hruzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hruzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hruzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hruzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hruzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hruzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hruzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hruzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hruzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hreusandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hruzanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hreusaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>riosan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreusan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrēosan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rēsen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hrjósa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rysa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrjósa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>rjosa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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