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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrewwaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrewwaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h_x11" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krew</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>H</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krewh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krewh₂-</orth>
          <def>raw meat, fresh blood</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_krusti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>krùšti</orth>
          <def>to trample</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrewwana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrewwaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrewwaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrew.wɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᛖᚹᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to grieve, to feel sorrow</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to cause regret, to rue</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Appears to trace back to a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x11"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h_x11">*krew</ref></mentioned> (H)-, with no secure extra-Germanic cognates. Theories include connections to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krewh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krewh2">*krewh₂-</ref></mentioned> (‘blood’), as well as to *krows- (‘to fall, beat, break, bruise’). In the latter case, cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_krusti"><ref target="#cog_lit_krusti">krùšti</ref></mentioned> (‘to smash, crash, bruise’), Russian круши́ть (krušítʹ, ‘to destroy’), Russian сокруша́ться (sokrušátʹsja) (note the same sense evolution, also compare Czech truchlit from Proto-Slavic *truxlъ).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hriwwizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hreww</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hriwwidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrewwaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrewwōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrewwaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrewwaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrewwadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hriwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hriwwid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrewwaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hruwį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hraut</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hruwīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hruwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hruwū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hruwīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hruwudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hruwīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hruwum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hruwīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hruwud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hruwīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hruwun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hruwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hrewwandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hruwanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hrewwaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*riuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>roewe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*riuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rouwen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rou</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrēowan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rewen, reowen, ruwen, ruen, reouwen, rowen, reowe, riewe, rewe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rue</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rew</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hriōwa, *hriuwa, *riouwa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rouwe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hriuwan, riuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>riuwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>rüüwe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>reuen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hreuwan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hriuwan, hreuwan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ruwen, rouwen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ruwen, rouwen, ruen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hryggva</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>?</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ryggja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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