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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hringaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hringaz_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_krankti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>krañkti</orth>
          <def>to caw, cough, croak</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kreg-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hringaz_2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hringaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hringaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxriŋ.ɡɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᛁᚾᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sound, ring</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Orel tentatively connects the word to the "ring, circle" of Etymology 1, i.e. "the noise that clashing rings make". Other theories derive the word from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kreg">*(s)kreg-</ref></mentioned>, *(s)kArg-, *(s)kArk- (‘to caw, crow, croak, pipe, shout’), and compare Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_krankti"><ref target="#cog_lit_krankti">krañkti</ref></mentioned> (‘to caw, cough, croak’). Alternatively, an intra-Germanic onomatopoeic formation.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hringaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hringōz, hringōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hringą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hringanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hringas, hringis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hringǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hringai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hringamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hringō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hringamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hring</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hringōz, hringōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hring</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hring</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>*ring</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ring</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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