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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrugjaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrugjaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_krewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)krewk-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrugjaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrugjaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrugjaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxruɣ.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚢᚷᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>back</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>spine</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>ridge</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Appears to stem from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_krewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_krewk">*(s)krewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘heap, hill; back, spine?’), with potential cognates listed at Latin crux (‘cross (frame, symbol)’), though this is highly speculative. Whether the hypothetical root is a derivative of *(s)ker- (‘to turn, bend’) is far from clear.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hrugjaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hrugjōz, hrugjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hrugją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hrugjanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hrugjas, hrugis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hrugjǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hrugjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hrugjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hrugjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hrugjamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hrugi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hrugjōz, hrugjōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrugi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ruggi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rugge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>rögk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>rik, rugge</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrugi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ruggi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>rugge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rug</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rug</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>rœx</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>rugge, rigi, rege</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrugi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hryċġ, hriċġ, hrig, hryc, hryg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rig, rigge, rug, ryg, rygge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ridge, rig</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>rig</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrugi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hregg, hreg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>reg</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Rääch</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rêch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrugi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>rucki, ruggi, hruggi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>rücke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrugi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hruggi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rügge</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Rügge, Rügg</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Rigjen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hryggr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>rygg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ryggur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>rygg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hryggur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>rygg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>rygg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rygg</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hryggr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ryg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ryg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hryggr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rygger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>rygg</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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