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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrukkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrukkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_rhuwch" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>rhuwch</orth>
          <def>bran, husks, sieve; rough garment, cloak, mantle</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krek_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kreḱ-</orth>
          <def>to weave</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_rucht" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>rucht</orth>
          <def>tunic</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_kresati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*kresati</orth>
          <def>to strike fire</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrukkaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrukkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrukkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxruk.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚢᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a robe; jacket; skirt; tunic</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen considers the term to be of unknown origin, and additionally considers the reconstruction *rukkaz to be incorrect, due to the existence of forms such as Old Frisian hrock, thus rejecting the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *rukn-, *ruk-, *rug-, *ruǵ- (‘to spin’) and corollary connections with Proto-Germanic *rukkô (‘spinning wheel, distaff’), Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="sga" target="#cog_sga_rucht"><ref target="#cog_sga_rucht">rucht</ref></mentioned> (‘tunic’), and Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_rhuwch"><ref target="#cog_cym_rhuwch">rhuwch</ref></mentioned> (‘bran, husks, sieve; rough garment, cloak, mantle’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">An alternative derivation from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krek_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krek_x2">*kreḱ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to weave’) (whence Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kresati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kresati">*kresati</ref></mentioned> (‘to strike fire)’) is semantically attractive, but phonetically problematic, as the expected Germanic form would be something like *hruhaz.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hrukkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hrukkōz, hrukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hrukką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hrukkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hrukkas, hrukkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hrukkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hrukkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hrukkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hrukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hrukkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hrukk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hrukkōz, hrukkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>froc, rochet, roquet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>French</lang>
                        <orth>froc, rochet</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>froc, rochet, roquet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>frock, rochet, rocket</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Italian</lang>
                          <orth>rocchetto, roccetto</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                          <orth>roquete</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Spanish</lang>
                          <orth>roquete</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>froc, rochet, roquet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>frock, rochet, rocket</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>frac</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>frak</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>Frack</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Swedish</lang>
                            <orth>frack</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                    <orth>hrocus, roccus, rocus, rochus</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>froc, rochet, roquet</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>frock, rochet, rocket</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>frac</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Danish</lang>
                            <orth>frakke</orth>
                            <form type="descendant">
                              <lang>Faroese</lang>
                              <orth>frakki</orth>
                            </form>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*rokk, *rok</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>rok</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>rok</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hrock</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Rok</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>rôk, rok</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrokk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hroch, hrok</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>roc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Rock</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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