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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrusǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrusǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_xruzdra" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>xruzdra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>hard</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kruos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κρύος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>krúos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>frost, icy cold</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_krus" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*krus-</orth>
          <def>crust</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_crusta" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>crusta</orth>
          <def>crust</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_krud" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>क्रूड्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>krūḍ</orth>
          </form>
          <def>thicken, make hard</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hruso" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrusǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrusǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxru.sɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᚢᛊᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ground; crust</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>ice</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krus"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_krus">*krus-</ref></mentioned> (‘crust’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_crusta"><ref target="#cog_lat_crusta">crusta</ref></mentioned> (‘crust’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kruos"><ref target="#cog_grc_kruos">κρύος</ref></mentioned> (krúos, ‘frost, icy cold’), κρύσταλλος (krústallos, ‘crystal, ice’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_xruzdra"><ref target="#cog_ave_xruzdra">𐬑𐬭𐬎𐬰𐬛𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (xruzdra, ‘hard’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_krud"><ref target="#cog_san_krud">क्रूड्</ref></mentioned> (krūḍ, ‘thicken, make hard’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hrusǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hrusōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hrusōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hrusōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hrusōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hrusōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hrusōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hrusōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hrusōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hrusōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hrusǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hrusōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>hruse</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>hrosa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>rosa</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>hroso</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>roso</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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