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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrōkaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrōkaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrokaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōkaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrōkaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɔː.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᛟᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>rook, crow</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *kreg-, *krek-, *kerk- (‘to crow, croak’), from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *kor- (‘to crow’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hrōkaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hrōkōz, hrōkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hrōką</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hrōkanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hrōkas, hrōkis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hrōkǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hrōkai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hrōkamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hrōkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hrōkamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hrōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hrōkōz, hrōkōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*frocum</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ruok</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roec</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roek</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrōc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>roc, roke, rook</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rook</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ruke, ruik</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Rouk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>roek</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hruoh, ruoh, hruoho, ruoho</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ruoch</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ruch</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrōk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôk, rôke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Rook</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>rok</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrókr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>råge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rókur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hrókur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rok</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrókr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>roker, roka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>råka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Burgundian</lang>
                  <orth>hrōks</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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