<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrōpaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrōpaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_korax" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κόραξ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kórax</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_corvus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>corvus</orth>
          <def>raven</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_sarka" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>šárka</orth>
          <def>magpie</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hropana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōpaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrōpaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᛟᛈᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7e</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cry out, call, shout</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of unclear origin. The traditional connection with *hrōþiz (‘glory, fame’) is phonetically problematic due to the unknown function and origin of the suffix *-p-. That said, Kroonen appears to suggest the tentative possibility that the word is indeed from the same root as *hrōþiz, with the *-p- arising from analogical association with the semantically similar but unrelated Proto-Germanic *wōpijaną (‘to cry out, lament’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Other theories connect the word to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_korax"><ref target="#cog_grc_korax">κόραξ</ref></mentioned> (kórax), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_corvus"><ref target="#cog_lat_corvus">corvus</ref></mentioned> (‘raven’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_sarka"><ref target="#cog_lit_sarka">šárka</ref></mentioned> (‘magpie’) in the sense of "caw".</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōpaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrōpōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrōpaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōpaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōpadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōpaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehrōp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hehrōpį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehrōft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hehrōpīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehrōp</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hehrōpī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehrōpū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hehrōpīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehrōpudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hehrōpīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehrōpum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hehrōpīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehrōpud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hehrōpīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehrōpun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hehrōpīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hrōpandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hrōpanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hrōpaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ruopan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roepen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roepen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>rope</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ropen, rope, roupe, rupe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>roop, roup</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>ropeare</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ropen, rope, roupe, rupe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>roup, croup</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>croup</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Dutch</lang>
                            <orth>kroep</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>French</lang>
                            <orth>croup</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hrōpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>roppe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hrōpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ropa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>roupe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ruofan, hruofan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ruofen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>ruafn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>rofe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rufen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>ruffen</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>רופֿן (rufn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōpan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrōpan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôpen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ropen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrópa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>råbe</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>rópa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hrópa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>rope</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrópa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rōpa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ropa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
