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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hrōzijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hrōzijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_fra_xranghaiia" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to be shocked</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_krasiti" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*krasiti</orth>
          <def>to ornate</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hrozijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōzijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hrōzijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxrɔː.zi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚱᛟᛉᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stir</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A causative formation, analyzable as *hrōzaz (‘active, stirring, moving’) + *-janą. Possibly inherited from Proto-Indo-European *kroHs-éye-ti: according to Kroonen, a direct cognate of Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_fra_xranghaiia"><ref target="#cog_ave_fra_xranghaiia">𐬟𐬭𐬁-𐬑𐬭𐬃𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀</ref></mentioned> (frā-xrā̊ŋhaiia, ‘to be shocked’), and according to Orel, of Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_krasiti"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_krasiti">*krasiti</ref></mentioned> (‘to ornate’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrōzijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrōzijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōzijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōzijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōzijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hrōzidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrōzidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hrōzidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōzidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hrōzidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hrōzidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hrōzijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hrōzidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hrōzijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ruoren, irruoran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>roeren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>roeren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>roer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrēran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>rēren, rōrien</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>rear</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hrēran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>hrēre, hrēr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>rere</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>rear, rare</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hrēra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ríere</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>riere, reare</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hruorjan, ruoren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ruoren, rüeren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>riarn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>רירן (rirn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hruorjan, ruoren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ruoren, rüeren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>rühren</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>rüürje</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hrōʀijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hrōrian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>rôren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>röhren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrǿra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>røra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hræra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>røra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrǿra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>røræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>røre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>røre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrǿra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rø̄ra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>röra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrœra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>røra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hræra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>røra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrœra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>røræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>røre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>røre</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hrœra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>rø̄ra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>röra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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