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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hukkōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hukkōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kewk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kewk-</orth>
          <def>to elevate</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kaukas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kaũkas</orth>
          <def>lump</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_kucati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>कुचति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kucáti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to make crooked</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_kucati" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*kučati</orth>
          <def>to squat</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hukkona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hukkōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hukkōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxuk.kɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚢᚲᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to squat, sit hunched, cower</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *kuk-néh₂-, a zero-grade iterative to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kewk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kewk">*kewk-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, curve, elevate’). The strong verb *hūkaną was likely back-formed from the iterative. Related to Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_kucati"><ref target="#cog_san_kucati">कुचति</ref></mentioned> (kucáti, ‘to make crooked’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kaukas"><ref target="#cog_lit_kaukas">kaũkas</ref></mentioned> (‘lump’), Proto-Slavic *kukati ~ Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kucati"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_kucati">*kučati</ref></mentioned> (‘to squat’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hukkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hukkōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hukkōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hukkōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hukkōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hukkōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hukkōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hukkōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hukkōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hukkōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hukkōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hukkōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hukkōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hukkōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hukkōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>German</lang>
                  <orth>hocken</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hoka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hoka</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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