<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *humelaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_humelaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kmh_el_os" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*km̥H-el-os</orth>
          <def>bumblebee</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_camus" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>camus</orth>
          <def>bumblebee</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_c_mel" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*čьmèľь</orth>
          <def>bumblebee</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_humelaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/humelaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>humelaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxu.me.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚢᛗᛖᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>bumblebee</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Inherited from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kmh_el_os"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kmh_el_os">*km̥H-el-os</ref></mentioned> (‘bumblebee’), probably onomatopoeic from a root *kemH- (‘to hum’). Cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_c_mel"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_c_mel">*čьmèľь</ref></mentioned> (‘bumblebee’), *komãrъ (‘mosquito’), Lithuanian kamãnė, Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="prg" target="#cog_prg_camus"><ref target="#cog_prg_camus">camus</ref></mentioned> (‘bumblebee’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>humelaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>humelōz, humelōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>humelą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>humelanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>humelas, humelis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>humelǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>humelai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>humelamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>humelō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>humelamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>humel</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>humelōz, humelōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*humel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>homele, homelte</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*humel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>homel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hommel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*humel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*humbel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>myōð-umbel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*humel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*humbel</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>humbul-bē</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>bumblebee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>bumbee</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>bumble-bee</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*humel</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>humbal, humbala, humbalo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>humbel, hummel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hummel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>humla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>humle, humlebi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>humla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>humla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>humle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>humle</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>humla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>humbla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>humla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
