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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-hun</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hun</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_got_hun" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>-𐌷𐌿𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-hun</orth>
          </form>
          <def type="function">forms indefinite pronouns, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle 𐌽𐌹 (ni).</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_ni_ainshun" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ni ainshun</orth>
          </form>
          <def>not a single one</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwena" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kʷena</orth>
          <def>any, some, somehow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ku" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kú</orth>
          <def>where?</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_na" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-na</orth>
          <def type="function">forms adverbs attached especially to particles, local/interrogative adverbs, and pronominal bases</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_nwg-x-proto_gin" xml:lang="nwg-x-proto" type="reflex">
          <orth>*-gin</orth>
          <def type="function">forms indefinite and negative-polarity adverbs and pronouns, with the sense ‘ever, at all, any, some-’</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hun" type="particle" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-hun">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-hun</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">xun</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚢᚾ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>particle</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms indefinite and negative-polarity pronouns, numerals, and adverbs, with the sense ‘any, anyone, anything, ever, at all’</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">This particle continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ku-na, </mentioned>from the local/interrogative particle <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ku"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ku">*kú</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_na"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_na">*-na</ref></mentioned>  <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="438">Dunkel 2014: 438</bibl>. It is functionally parallel to Northwest Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_nwg-x-proto_gin"><ref target="#cog_nwg-x-proto_gin">*-gin</ref></mentioned>, especially in negative expressions such as in its descendant, Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_hun"><ref target="#cog_got_hun">-𐌷𐌿𐌽</ref></mentioned>. For example: <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_ni_ainshun"><ref target="#cog_got_ni_ainshun">𐌽𐌹 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="§5.4">Lehmann 1986a: §5.4</bibl>. However, it is formally distinct from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_gin"><ref target="#pgmc_gin">*-gin</ref></mentioned>, which is derived from PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwena"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwena">*kʷena</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Usage note">
            <head>Usage Note</head>
            <p>Used especially after interrogative-indefinite bases and numerals; with a preceding negator, forms expressions meaning ‘no one, nothing, none, not any, not at all’.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌷𐌿𐌽 (-hun), 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 (ainshun), 𐌸𐌹𐍃𐌷𐌿𐌽 (þishun)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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