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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hundaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hundaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱwṓ</orth>
          <def>dog</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hundaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hundaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hundaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxun.dɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚢᚾᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>dog</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Pre-Germanic *kun-tós, *ḱwn̥tós, an enlargement of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwo">*ḱwṓ</ref></mentioned> (‘dog’). For the enlargement compare Old Armenian սկունդ (skund, ‘dog, puppy’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hundaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hundōz, hundōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hundą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hundanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hundas, hundis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hundǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hundai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hundamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hundō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hundamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hund</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hundōz, hundōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>hóndj</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hond</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hond</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hondo</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Jersey Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hônt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hont</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hond</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>hond, hon, hont, hun</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Virgin Islands Creole</lang>
                            <orth>hont</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hound, hund, honde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hound</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hoond</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Húund</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hûn</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                        <orth>hunt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>hund</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>הונט (hunt)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Hund</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Alsatian</lang>
                          <orth>Hund</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swabian</lang>
                          <orth>Hond</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Walser</lang>
                          <orth>hun, hund, hunn, hònn</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                          <orth>hunt</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Mòcheno</lang>
                          <orth>hunt</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Udinese</lang>
                          <orth>hunt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>Hond, Honk, Hongk, Hunk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Hund</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kölsch</lang>
                          <orth>Hunk, Hungk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Hond</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hunt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hund</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Esperanto</lang>
                          <orth>hundo</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ido</lang>
                            <orth>hundo</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hund</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Estonian</lang>
                        <orth>hunt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Hunt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hund</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hund</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hund</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hund</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>Hund, Hond, Hunt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*hudaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                    <orth>ᚹᛁᛞᚢᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (widuhudaʀ)</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*hudaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hundr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>hundur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>hund</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>hundur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norn</lang>
                      <orth>hund</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>hund, hund’e, hónd’e</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*hudaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hundr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hund</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scanian</lang>
                        <orth>hońń</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*hudaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hundr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hund</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>hund</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>hund</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚺᚢᛞᚨᛉ (*hudaʀ)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>hundr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hunder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>hund</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>hunttu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 (hunds)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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