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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hungruz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hungruz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kenkei" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κέγκει</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kénkei</orth>
          </form>
          <def>is hungry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_kaninti_thirst_loc_sg" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒅗𒀀𒉌𒅔𒋾</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>/⁠kāninti⁠/, “thirst”, loc.sg.</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kenkras" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>keñkras</orth>
          <def>lean, emaciated</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_kanksati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>काङ्क्षति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kāṅkṣati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to desire</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hungruz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hungruz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hungruz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxuŋ.ɡruz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚢᚾᚷᚱᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hunger</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier *hunhruz, from pre-Proto-Germanic *kunkr-ú-s, from Proto-Indo-European *kn̥k-ró-s, from *kenk- (‘to hunger, ache’) + *-rós. Cognates with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kenkras"><ref target="#cog_lit_kenkras">keñkras</ref></mentioned> (‘lean, emaciated’), keñkti (‘to ache’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kenkei"><ref target="#cog_grc_kenkei">κέγκει</ref></mentioned> (kénkei, ‘is hungry’), κάγκανος (kánkanos, ‘arid, barren’), and possibly further with Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_kaninti_thirst_loc_sg"><ref target="#cog_hit_kaninti_thirst_loc_sg">𒅗𒀀𒉌𒅔𒋾</ref></mentioned> (/⁠kāninti⁠/, “thirst”, loc.sg.). Note also strong resemblance with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_kanksati"><ref target="#cog_san_kanksati">काङ्क्षति</ref></mentioned> (kāṅkṣati, ‘to desire’), though a formal relation appears difficult.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hungruz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hungriwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hungrų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hungrunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hungrauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hungriwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hungriwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hungrumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hungrū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hungrumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hungru</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hungriwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>honger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>hónger</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>honger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>honger</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>honger</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hungru</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>hunger</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>honger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>honger</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>angri, hangri</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                            <orth>hángi, ángi</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hungor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hunger, hunguer, honguer, honger, hungre, hongre, hungere, hongur, hounger, hounguer, hungir, hungyr, hungur, hungær, hungor, hunnꟑerr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hunger</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hounger, hunger</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Geehunger</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>honger, hûnger</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hungar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>hungar, hummar</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Hunger</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>הונגער (hunger)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hungar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hunger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Hunsrik</lang>
                          <orth>Hunger</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Honger</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hungar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hunger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Hunger</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hungur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hungur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hunger</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hunger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hunger</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌷𐌿𐌷𐍂𐌿𐍃 (hūhrus)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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