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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *huppōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_huppōną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_kupeti" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>къпѣти</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kŭpěti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to hop</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kubos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κύβος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kúbos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>hollow in the hips</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_kupto" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>κύπτω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kúptō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to stoop, hunch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_cubo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>cubō</orth>
          <def>lie down, recline</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_kupra" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kuprà</orth>
          <def>hump</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_supti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>शुप्ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>śúpti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>shoulder</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_huppona_1" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/huppōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>huppōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxup.pɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚢᛈᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to move up and down; hop</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From a pre-Germanic iterative *kuP-néh₂-(ye-)ti, usually derived from Proto-Indo-European *kewb-, *ḱewb- (‘to bend; a bend, joint’). Compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_cubo"><ref target="#cog_lat_cubo">cubō</ref></mentioned> (‘I recline’), Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kubos"><ref target="#cog_grc_kubos">κύβος</ref></mentioned> (kúbos, ‘hollow in the hips’), Albanian sup (‘shoulder’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_supti"><ref target="#cog_san_supti">शुप्ति</ref></mentioned> (śúpti, ‘shoulder’), Proto-Germanic *hupiz (‘hip’). The semantic development would be “to bend the knees” &gt; “to jump”.</seg>
            <seg type="p">However, Kroonen argues that the root must be *kup- with final *p, in view of Middle Dutch hobben, and adduces Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_kupeti"><ref target="#cog_chu_kupeti">къпѣти</ref></mentioned> (kŭpěti, ‘to hop’) as a cognate. Compare hobby, hub (with German Hubbel) and hump. Tentatively compare also Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_kupto"><ref target="#cog_grc_kupto">κύπτω</ref></mentioned> (kúptō, ‘to stoop, hunch’), Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_kupra"><ref target="#cog_lit_kupra">kuprà</ref></mentioned> (‘hump’), and Old High German hofar, hofir (‘hump’).</seg>
            <seg type="p">Possibly sound-symbolic; compare Proto-Finnic *hüp'äit'äk.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>huppō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>huppǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>huppōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>huppōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>huppōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>huppōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>huppōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>huppōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>huppōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>huppōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>huppōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>huppōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>huppōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>huppōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>huppōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>huppōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>huppōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>huppōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>huppōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>huppōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>huppōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>huppōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>huppōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>huppōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>huppōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*hoppon, *hobbon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hoppen, hobben, hoppelen, hobbelen, hobelen, huppelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hoppen, hobben, hobbelen, huppelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hop, hobbel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hoppian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hoppen, hobelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hop, hobble</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>hober, ober</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>hobin, hobi, obin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>hobin, hobyn, hoby</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>hobby, hobbyhorse</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>hober, ober</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>hobin, hobi, obin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>hobin, haubby, aubin</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>aubin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*huppia, *hoppia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hopje, hobje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*huppia, *hoppia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hupje, hopje</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>huppelje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hopfōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hopfen, hoppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>hoppen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hopfōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hopfen, hoppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>hoppeln</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>hoppeln</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hopfōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>hoppazzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>hoppezen, hopfzen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>hopsen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German Low German</lang>
                            <orth>hopsen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*huppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*huppōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>huppen, huppelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>huppeln, hoppeln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*hoppon, *hobbon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hoppen, hobben, hoppelen, hobbelen, hobelen, huppelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hoppen, hobben, hobbelen, huppelen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hop, hobbel</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hoppian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hoppen, hobelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>hop, hobble</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hop</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>hober, ober</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>hobin, hobi, obin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>hobin, hobyn, hoby</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>hobby, hobbyhorse</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old French</lang>
                    <orth>hober, ober</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old French</lang>
                      <orth>hobin, hobi, obin</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle French</lang>
                        <orth>hobin, haubby, aubin</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>French</lang>
                          <orth>aubin</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*huppia, *hoppia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hopje, hobje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*huppia, *hoppia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hupje, hopje</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>huppelje</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hopfōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hopfen, hoppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>hoppen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hopfōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>hopfen, hoppen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>hoppeln</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>hoppeln</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*hopfōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>hoppazzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                        <orth>hoppezen, hopfzen</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>hopsen</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German Low German</lang>
                            <orth>hopsen</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hoppōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*huppōn, *hoppōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>huppen, huppelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>huppeln, hoppeln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hoppa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hoppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hoppa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hoppa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hoppa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hoppe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hoppe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hoppa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hoppa, huppa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hoppa, hôpp</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*këppëtēk</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
