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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-hw</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hw</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_ca" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬗𐬁-</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-cā</orth>
          </form>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_te" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>τε</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>te</orth>
          </form>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwe" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-kʷe</orth>
          <def type="function">‘and’; generalizing particle; forms distributives from interrogatives</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sekw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sekʷ-</orth>
          <def>to follow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_que" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-que</orth>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_osc_p" xml:lang="osc" type="cognate">
          <orth>-𐌐</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-p</orth>
          </form>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_osc_pe" xml:lang="osc" type="cognate">
          <orth>-𐌐𐌄</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-pe</orth>
          </form>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sca" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>-श्च</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-śca</orth>
          </form>
          <def>enclitic conjunction, and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_ch" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>-ch-</orth>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xce_kue" xml:lang="xce" type="cognate">
          <orth>-kue</orth>
          <def>and</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hw" type="particle" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-hw">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-hw</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">xʷ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>particle</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>joins words, phrases, and clauses</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2" type="function">
            <def>forms distributives from interrogatives</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European enclitic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwe"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwe">*-kʷe</ref></mentioned>, the short form associated with the older coordinating particle <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(s)kʷe</mentioned>. <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="442–46">Dunkel 2014: 442–46</bibl>. The development is regular: PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*kʷ</mentioned> &gt; Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*hw</mentioned>, with loss of final <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-e</mentioned> in clitic position <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="142">Ringe 2017: 142</bibl>. Gothic preserves the suffix as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-h</mentioned> after vowels and <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-uh</mentioned> after consonants. Dunkel <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="701–702" ana="#omit-author">2014: 701–702</bibl> derives the fuller PIE particle <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(s)kʷe</mentioned> ultimately from a fossilized verbal form of the root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sekw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sekw">*sekʷ-</ref></mentioned>. Cognate with Vedic Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sca"><ref target="#cog_san_sca">-श्च</ref></mentioned>, Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_ca"><ref target="#cog_ave_ca">𐬗𐬁-</ref></mentioned>, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_te"><ref target="#cog_grc_te">τε</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_que"><ref target="#cog_lat_que">-que</ref></mentioned>, Oscan <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_osc_p"><ref target="#cog_osc_p">-𐌐</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_osc_pe"><ref target="#cog_osc_pe">-𐌐𐌄</ref></mentioned>, Celtiberian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xce_kue"><ref target="#cog_xce_kue">-kue</ref></mentioned>, and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sga_ch"><ref target="#cog_sga_ch">-ch-</ref></mentioned>, all meaning ‘and’ or having a coordinating function.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Usage note">
            <head>Usage</head>
            <p>This was an enclitic particle, so it was attached to the word it connected rather than standing before it. In its older coordinating use, the first item was normally left unmarked and the suffix was attached to the second: schematically, A B-hw meant ‘A and B’. With three or more items, the suffix could be attached to each item after the first: A B-hw C-hw meant ‘A, B, and C’.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌿𐌷 (-uh)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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