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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwalaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwalaz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_kara" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kara</orth>
          </form>
          <def>kind of fish</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_aspalieus" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀσπαλιεύς</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aspalieús</orth>
          </form>
          <def>fisherman</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kwalos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kʷálos</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwalaz_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwalaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷɑ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᚨᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>whale</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kwalos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kwalos">*(s)kʷálos</ref></mentioned> (‘large fish, sheatfish’). Compare Latin squalus, Old Prussian kalis, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_aspalieus"><ref target="#cog_grc_aspalieus">ἀσπαλιεύς</ref></mentioned> (aspalieús, ‘fisherman’), Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_kara"><ref target="#cog_ave_kara">𐬐𐬀𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned> (kara, ‘kind of fish’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hwalaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hwalōz, hwalōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hwalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hwalanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hwalas, hwalis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hwalǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hwalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hwalamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hwalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hwalamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hwal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hwalōz, hwalōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hwæl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>whal, swale, wale, whalle, whale, quale, quall, qwall, qwalle, whaale, qwayll, qwaylle, hwæl</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>whale</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>whaul</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Wal</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Estonian</lang>
                          <orth>vaal</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>Wal</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwal</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wal</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Waal</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>wal</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvalur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>val</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hvalur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hval</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>hval</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kval</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kval</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hwal</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hval</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hval</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvalr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hval</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>val</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*fālēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>valas</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Southern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>faelies</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*fālēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Eastern Samic</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Inari Sami</lang>
                      <orth>fäälis</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Kildin Sami</lang>
                      <orth>ва̄лесь (vāljes’)</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Skolt Sami</lang>
                      <orth>vääʹles</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Ter Sami</lang>
                      <orth>valesʹ</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*fālēs</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Western Samic</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Lule Sami</lang>
                      <orth>sváles</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                      <orth>fális</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Pite Sami</lang>
                      <orth>fáles</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Southern Sami</lang>
                      <orth>faala</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Ume Sami</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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