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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwatjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwatjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwatjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwatjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwatjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᚨᛏᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to sharpen; whet</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to instigate; incite</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From *hwataz (‘quick, sharp, brave’) + *-janą.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwatisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwati</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwatjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwatjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwatjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwatjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwatjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwatidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwatidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwatidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwatidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwatidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwatidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwatidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwatidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwatidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwatidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwatidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwatidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwatidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hwatjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hwatidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hwatjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wetten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wetten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wetten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hwettan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>whetten, qwete, whett, whette, whettyn, whætte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>whet</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>what</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>what</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hwetta, *hwettia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wätje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wetsje, wêdzje, hotsje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hwezzen, wezzen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wetzen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>bétzan</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>wetzen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwattjan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hwettian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wetten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wetten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvetja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvæde, hvætte</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvøtja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hvetja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kvetja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvetja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvætia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vättja, hvättja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐍈𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaƕatjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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