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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwaz" type="pronoun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>pronoun</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>who, what</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>whose</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>whom</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="4">
            <def>with whom, with what, how, in what way</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷís (‘interrogative pronoun’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom">
              <orth>hwaz, hwō, hwat</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc">
              <orth>hwanǭ, hwǭ, hwat</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen">
              <orth>hwes, hwezōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat">
              <orth>hwammai, hwezōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr">
              <orth>hwē, hwī, hwō, hwezō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wie</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wie</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wie</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wae</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hwā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>who, ȝwo, ho, hoo, huo, quo, qwo, qwho, whoo, wo, woo, qua, wha, hwa, hwo, hwoa</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>who</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>whe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wha</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>fho, fo, vo</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hwā</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wër, hwër, *(h)wie</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wër, wie, wē</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>wä</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Cimbrian</lang>
                        <orth>bèar, ber</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>wer</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ווער (ver)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwaʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwē</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wê, wei, wie</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>we, wo, wie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hver</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvør, hvat, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hver, hvað, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hut, hvuð, horreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hver</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvem, hvad, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvem, hva, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hver</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvar, hwar, hwo, hvat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vem, vad, vi, ho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hvar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvør, hvat, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hver, hvað, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hut, hvuð, horreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hvar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvem, hvad, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvem, hva, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*hvar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvar, hwar, hwo, hvat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vem, vad, vi, ho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvør, hvat, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hver, hvað, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hut, hvuð, horreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvem, hvad, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvem, hva, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hverr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvar, hwar, hwo, hvat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vem, vad, vi, ho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvat</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvør, hvat, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hver, hvað, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hut, hvuð, horreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvat</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvem, hvad, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvem, hva, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvat</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvar, hwar, hwo, hvat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vem, vad, vi, ho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hví</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvør, hvat, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hver, hvað, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hut, hvuð, horreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hví</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvem, hvad, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvem, hva, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hví</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvar, hwar, hwo, hvat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vem, vad, vi, ho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvé</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvør, hvat, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hver, hvað, hví</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Jamtish</lang>
                    <orth>hut, hvuð, horreg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kven (from the accusative), kveim (from the dative), kva, kvi, (dialectal) kver, kvæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvé</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvem, hvad, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvem, hva, hvis, hvi, hvo</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvé</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvar, hwar, hwo, hvat</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vem, vad, vi, ho</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍈𐌰 (ƕa)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍈𐌴 (ƕē)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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