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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwehwlą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwehwlą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_collective_kwekwleh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>collective *kʷekʷléh₂</orth>
          <def>wheels</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwekwlom" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kʷékʷlom</orth>
          <def>wheel</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwehwla" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwehwlą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwehwlą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷexʷ.lɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛖᚺᚹᛚᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>wheel</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwekwlom"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwekwlom">*kʷékʷlom</ref></mentioned> (‘wheel’). The plural *hweulō is from the Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_collective_kwekwleh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_collective_kwekwleh2">collective *kʷekʷléh₂</ref></mentioned> (‘wheels’), and the neuter gender was likely back-formed from that.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>hwehwlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>hweulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>hwehwlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>hweulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>hwehwlas, hwihwlis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>hweulǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>hwehwlai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>hweulamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>hwehwlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>hweulamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>hwehwlą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>hweulō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wiol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wiel, weel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>weel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wiol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wiel, weel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wiel</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wiel</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Caribbean Javanese</lang>
                          <orth>wil</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>wiel, wil</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>wil</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Sranan Tongo</lang>
                          <orth>wiri</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wiol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wiel, weel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>wēl</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>wiele</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hweogl, hweogol, hweohl, hweowl, hweowol, hwēol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>whel, whele, qweel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wheel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>wheel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hwēl, fiāl, tziāl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>weyel, weel</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Wäil, Jool</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>fjil, tsjil, tsjel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*wihil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*wihel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Wiel, Wiele</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*wihil</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>wihilstein, *wihilasca</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>wihelstein, *wihelesche</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German</lang>
                          <orth>Wielstein, Wielesche</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwehwl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwiol</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wêl, wiel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Weel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvél</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hjul</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>juol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hjól, hvæl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hjól, hvel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hurl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>hjul</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hjul, kvel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvél</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hiūl, hiughl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hjul</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjól</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hjul</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>juol</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hjól, hvæl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hjól, hvel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hurl</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>hjul</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hjul, kvel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hjól</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hiūl, hiughl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hjul</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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