<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwerbaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwerbaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_karpos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>καρπός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>karpós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>wrist</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwerbana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwerbaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwerbaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷer.βɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛖᚱᛒᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 3</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to turn; turn around</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to move; move about</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>to change</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kʷerp-, in which case the original form would have been *hwerfaną. If so, then it might be related to Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_karpos"><ref target="#cog_grc_karpos">καρπός</ref></mentioned> (karpós, ‘wrist’), though deriving the latter from a root with initial labiovelar presents difficulties.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwirbizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwerb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwirbidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwerbaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwerbōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwerbaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwerbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwerbaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwerbadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwirbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwirbid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwerbaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwarb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hurbį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwarft</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hurbīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwarb</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hurbī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hurbū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hurbīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hurbudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hurbīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hurbum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hurbīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hurbud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hurbīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hurbun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hurbīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hwerbandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hurbanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hwerbaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hwerva</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wervan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>werven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>werven</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wèrve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hweorfan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>wherven, wharven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>wharve, wherve</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hwerban, werban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>werben, werven</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>werben</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Polish</lang>
                          <orth>werbować</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Belarusian</lang>
                            <orth>вербава́ць (vjerbavácʹ)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Russian</lang>
                            <orth>вербова́ть (verbovátʹ)</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Ukrainian</lang>
                            <orth>вербува́ти (verbuváty)</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwerban</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwervan, hwerban</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>warven, warben</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hverfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hverre</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvørva</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hverfa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>kverve</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hverfa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hværva</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>värva</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍈𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (ƕairban)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
