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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwistlōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwistlōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwes" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱwes-</orth>
          <def>to pant</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_quirito" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>quiritō</orth>
          <def>scream, screech, shriek, squall</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwistlona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwistlōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwistlōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷist.lɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛁᛊᛏᛚᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to whistle, hiss</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Traditionally derived from a Proto-Germanic root *hwis- (‘to hiss’), from a Proto-Indo-European *ḱweys-, *ḱwey- (‘to hiss, whistle, whisper’), and compared with *hwīnaną (‘to whiz, whine’), Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_quirito"><ref target="#cog_lat_quirito">quiritō</ref></mentioned> (‘scream, screech, shriek, squall’). However, it appears more likely that *hwis- and its derivatives are onomatopoeic innovations within Germanic. Note similarities to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwes"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwes">*ḱwes-</ref></mentioned> (‘to puff, sigh’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwistlōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hwistlōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hwistlōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hwistlōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>hwistlian</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>whistlen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>whistle</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>whistle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*wistalon</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*wistelen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wistelen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvísla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>wissla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hvísla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>hvisle</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>hvysla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvísla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hwīslæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hvisle</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvísla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvīsla, hvizsla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vissla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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