<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwētaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwētaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kweh1d" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kʷeh₁d-</orth>
          <def>to stab; pointy, sharp</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*(s)kewd-</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwetana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwētaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwētaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷɛː.tɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛖᛏᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 7d</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to attack, assault</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to stab, pierce</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Apparently from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kweh1d"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kweh1d">*kʷeh₁d-</ref></mentioned> (‘to stab; pointy, sharp’), albeit without any secure cognates outside of Germanic. Earlier identifications of the root with Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_s_kewd">*(s)kewd-</ref></mentioned> (‘to propel’) are untenable morphologically.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwētō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwētaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwētai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwētizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwētaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwēt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwētazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwētaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwētidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwētai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwētadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwētadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwētaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwētōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwētaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwētadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwētaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwētadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwētamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwētaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwētandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwētaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwētid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwētaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwētid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwētandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwētaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwētandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwētain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwētandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwētandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwētaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwehwōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwehwōtį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwehwōst</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwehwōtīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwehwōt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwehwōtī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwehwōtū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwehwōtīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwehwōtudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwehwōtīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwehwōtum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwehwōtīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwehwōtud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwehwōtīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwehwōtun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwehwōtīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hwētandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hwētanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hwētaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwātan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wāzan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwātan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*hwǣtan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old English</lang>
                      <orth>āhwǣtan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hváta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hváta, hvota</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
