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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwīnaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwīnaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kwey" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ḱwey-</orth>
          <def>to hiss, whistle, whisper</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwinana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwīnaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwīnaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷiː.nɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛁᚾᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rush, make a rushing sound, whizz, hiss, squeal, whine</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Mechanically, from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwey"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kwey">*ḱwey-</ref></mentioned> (‘to hiss, whistle, whisper’), which appears to be onomatopoeic, and of similar formation to *ḱwes- (‘to puff, sigh’). Possibly related to Proto-Slavic *kviliti, *kvilěti (‘to neigh, to squeak, to wail’). See also *hwistlōną (‘to whistle’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwīnaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwīnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwīnaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwīnaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwīnadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwīnaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwinį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwaint</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwinīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwinī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwinū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwinīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwinudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwinīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwinum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwinīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwinud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwinīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwinun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwinīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hwīnandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hwinanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hwīnaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwīnan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīnan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hwīnan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>whynen, whine, whinen, whyne, whynyn, hwinen, hwyne</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>whine</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>quhyn, whyne</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>whinnard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvína</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hvína</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hvine</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>hvine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kvine</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kvine</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvína</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvīna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vina, hvina</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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