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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwītaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwītaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_sveta" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>श्वेत</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>śvetá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>white, bright</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_svet" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*světъ</orth>
          <def>light; world</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwitaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwītaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwītaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷiː.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛁᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>white</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Kroonen notes a possible derivation from Proto-Indo-European *ḱweytōr, genitive *ḱwitnós, a heteroclitic byform of *ḱweytos (‘bright; shine’). The oblique stem, used to form *ḱwitnós would create a voiceless geminate stop tt assuming Kluge's law, which would be reduced to a single t after the heavy first syllable once the consonantism was analogically extended to other cases. Compare Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_svet"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_svet">*světъ</ref></mentioned> (‘light; world’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_sveta"><ref target="#cog_san_sveta">श्वेत</ref></mentioned> (śvetá, ‘white, bright’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>hwītaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>hwītaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>hwītaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>hwītammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>hwītōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>hwītammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>wiet</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>wit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>wit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>wit</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>wit</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hwīt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>whit, hwit, white, whyte, whitt, whytt, whyt, whiȝt, qwyght, ȝwijt, wyghte, whiyt, whijt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>white</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>quhite, fyte, fite, whyte, white</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>whit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hwīt, wīt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wiet</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wyt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>wīȥ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>wīȥ</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>wiiss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>wieß</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>weiß</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>wäiss</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>wȧjs</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>ווײַס (vays)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwīt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>witt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwīt</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwīt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wit</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>witt</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>witt</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvítr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>wait</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hvítur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hvítur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>hvid</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvítr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kvit, kvit’u, kvit’e</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kvit</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvítr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hwit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hvid</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hvit</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvítr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>huit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                      <orth>veitar, veita, veit</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hvítr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hvīter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>vit, hvit</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐍈𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍃 (ƕeits)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Crimean Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>wichtgata</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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