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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_po" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>πω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>pō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>ever</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwo" type="pronoun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>pronoun</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>how, with what, by what means; instrumental of *hwaz</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From a form of Proto-Indo-European *kʷos, *kʷís. Compare Latin quō (‘where(to); why; so that’) (Proto-Italic *kʷō) and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_po"><ref target="#cog_grc_po">πω</ref></mentioned> (pō, ‘ever’), Ionic Greek κω (kō) (Proto-Hellenic *kʷṓ). Equivalent to *hwaz (‘what’) + *-ō (instrumental ending).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>huo</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hoe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hoe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>woe</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>hū, hwu</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>how, hou, howe, hu, hwu, whu, wou, wu</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>how</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>hoo</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>hoo, how, foo</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>fowe, how</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hū, hō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>wo</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hoe, hoe't</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>hū, hō</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>?</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Mooring</lang>
                        <orth>hü</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>hwio</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>wie</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                      <orth>wéi</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                      <orth>wi</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>hwō, hwuo, hū</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>wô, wû</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>wo</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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