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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *hwōstōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_hwōstōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kweh2s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kʷeh₂s-</orth>
          <def>to cough</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_koseti" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>kṓsēti</orth>
          <def>to cough</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_kasate" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>कासते</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>kā́sate</orth>
          </form>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_hwostona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwōstōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>hwōstōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈxʷɔːs.tɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚺᚹᛟᛊᛏᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to cough</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kweh2s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kweh2s">*kʷeh₂s-</ref></mentioned> (‘to cough’), equivalent to *hwōstô (‘cough’) + *-ōną. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_koseti"><ref target="#cog_lit_koseti">kṓsēti</ref></mentioned> (‘to cough’), Russian ка́шлять (kášljatʹ, ‘to cough’), Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_kasate"><ref target="#cog_san_kasate">कासते</ref></mentioned> (kā́sate).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>hwōstōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>hwōstōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>hwōstōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>hwōstōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwōstōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*huoston</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>hoesten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>hoesten</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>hoes</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwōstōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*hwōstian, hwōstan, *hwēstan, *hwōstijaną</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>hōsten, hwēsten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>whoost, hoost</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>whost, whust</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwōstōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*hwōstia, *hōstia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hoostje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>hoastje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwōstōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>huostōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>huosten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>huasdn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>houschten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*hwōstōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*hwōstōn, *hōstōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>hôsten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German Low German</lang>
                        <orth>hoosten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>hosten</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hósta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ųosta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>hosta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>hokste</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>hósta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>hosta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hósta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>*hosten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>hoast</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>host, hoist</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hósta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>hōstæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>hoste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>hoste</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>hósta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>hōsta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>hosta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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