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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-(i)jaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_i_jaz_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="meier_brugger2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/WRVX4CAY">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indo-European linguistics (Charles Gertmenian, Trans.; in cooperation with Matthias Fritz &amp; Manfred Mayrhofer)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michael</forename>
              <surname>Meier-Brügger</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ios" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>-ιος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-ios</orth>
          </form>
          <def type="function">forms adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ya" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>-य</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-ya</orth>
          </form>
          <def type="function">forms adjectives from noun stems, gerundives from roots</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ius_x2" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-ius</orth>
          <def type="function">forms adjectives from nouns</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_i_jaz_2" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-(i)jaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">i.jɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>(ᛁ)ᛃᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">noun</gram>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms relational adjectives and substantivized nominals denoting origin, descent, affiliation, or be-longing; ‘of, from, belonging to, descended from’</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-yó-s</mentioned>, with Sievers-law allomorph <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-iyó-s</mentioned>, the masculine nominative singular of the relational adjective suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-yó-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-iyó-</mentioned>. The original sense was broadly adjectival, ‘belonging to, connected with, characterized by’, from which the Germanic meanings ‘from, of, descended from, affiliated with’ developed. Cognate with Latin  <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ius_x2"><ref target="#cog_lat_ius_x2">-ius</ref></mentioned>, Ancient Greek  <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_ios"><ref target="#cog_grc_ios">-ιος</ref></mentioned>, and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ya"><ref target="#cog_san_ya">-य</ref></mentioned>, all continuing the same broad Indo-European relational/adjectival suffix <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="213–14">Fulk 2018: 213–14</bibl> <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="70–72">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 70–72</bibl> <bibl corresp="#meier_brugger2003" n="282–85">Meier-Brügger 2003: 282–85</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="326">Ringe 2017: 326</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Declension">
            <head>Declension</head>
            <p>The suffix varies as *-jaz /*-ijaz based on Siever’s Law: the basic *-jaz form is used after a “light” syllable (a short vowel followed by a single consonant), and otherwise, the form becomes *-ijaz.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōz, -(i)jōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-(i)ją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-(i)janz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jas, -īs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-ī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōz, -(i)jōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ᛃᚨᛉ (-jaʀ)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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