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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-(i)jô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_i_jô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2011a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Y6TMIYYV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2011a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="pronk2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/3VW7IXUY">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Singulative n-stems in Indo-European</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1111/1467-968X.12058</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Tijmen</forename>
              <surname>Pronk</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Transactions of the Philological Society, 113</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">113</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">327-348</biblScope>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_i_jo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-jô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-(i)jô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">i.jɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>(ᛁ)ᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>like modern English “-er”; forms masculine agent nouns and personal nouns, often from the zero-grade of the base</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Early Germanic *<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-jan-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-jōn-</mentioned>, the weak masculine counterpart of agentive and personal nouns in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*‑ja-</mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-jō-</mentioned>. The formation combines a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*j</mentioned>-element, probably related to the Proto-Indo-European relational or appurtenance suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-yo-</mentioned>, with the inherited individualizing <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem inflection. The exact chronology of the combination is uncertain: some formations may continue inherited complex suffixes, while others may have arisen within Germanic through the transfer of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">ja</mentioned>-stems to the productive weak declension <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="64–65">Kroonen 2011a: 64–65</bibl>  <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="§4.2.2">Lehmann 1986a: §4.2.2</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pronk2015" n="327–29">Pronk 2015: 327–29</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Declension">
            <head>Declension</head>
            <p>The suffix varies as *-jô/*-ijô based on Siever’s Law: the basic *-jô form is used after a “light” syllable (a short vowel followed by a single consonant), and otherwise, the form becomes *-ijô.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>-(i)jô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>-(i)janiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>-(i)janų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>-(i)janunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>-(i)jiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>-(i)janǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>-(i)jini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>-(i)jammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>-(i)jinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>-(i)jammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>-(i)jô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>-(i)janiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-jō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-o</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-o, -eo</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-io</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-i</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌾𐌰 (-ja)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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