<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-(i)jǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_i_jǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2011a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Y6TMIYYV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2011a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="pronk2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/3VW7IXUY">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Singulative n-stems in Indo-European</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1111/1467-968X.12058</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Tijmen</forename>
              <surname>Pronk</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Transactions of the Philological Society, 113</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">113</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">327-348</biblScope>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_i_jo_x2" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-(i)jǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-(i)jǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">i.jɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>(ᛁ)ᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms feminine agent nouns and female personal nouns corresponding to masculine *-(i)jô (forms masculine agent nouns)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Early Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(i)jōn-</mentioned>, the feminine weak n-stem counterpart of masculine <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jo"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jo">*-(i)jô</ref></mentioned>. Ultimately connected with the Proto-Indo-European individualizing n-stem suffix, which formed personal nouns and, from verbal roots, agent nouns meaning ‘the one who does X’  <bibl corresp="#pronk2015" n="327–29">Pronk 2015: 327–29</bibl>. The feminine shape reflects the Proto-Germanic amalgamation of inherited feminine <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">eh₂</mentioned>-stems with n-stem inflection: old <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">h₂</mentioned>-stems were transferred to the feminine <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">ōn</mentioned>-stems after their nominatives became formally indistinguishable, and a similar process produced the PGmc <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">īn</mentioned>-stems from PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">ih₂-</mentioned>stems  <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="64–65">Kroonen 2011a: 64–65</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="§4.2.2">Lehmann 1986a: §4.2.2</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Declension">
            <head>Desclension</head>
            <p>The suffix varies as *-jǭ/*-ijǭ based on Siever’s Law: the basic *-jǭ form is used after a “light” syllable (a short vowel followed by a single consonant), and otherwise, the form becomes *-ijǭ.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>-(i)jǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>-(i)jōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-jā</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ja, -a</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌾𐍉 (-jō)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
