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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-ilaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ilaz_3</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="igartua2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ZSEZMWUZ">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The Indo-European adjectival class with the suffix -lo- and its development in Slavic</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Iván</forename>
              <surname>Igartua</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">The Journal of Indo-European Studies</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">42</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3–4</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">302–331</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_i_lo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-i-lo-s</orth>
          <def type="function">forms agent nouns from verbal roots; forms diminutive nouns from noun stems; forms adjectives with the sense “pertaining to …”</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_lo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-ló-s</orth>
          <def type="function">forms agent nouns from verbal roots; forms diminutive nouns from noun stems; forms adjectives with the sense “pertaining to …”</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_facilis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>facilis</orth>
          <def>easy</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_fragilis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>fragilis</orth>
          <def>breakable</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ilis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-ilis</orth>
          <def type="function">forms adjectives of relation to verbs</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ilaz_3" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ilaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-ilaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">i.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛁᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">adj</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms adjectives from verbs, meaning ‘-ing’ or ‘tending to’ with regards to the base (alternative form of *-ulaz)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Most likely derived from late Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_i_lo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_i_lo_s">*-i-lo-s</ref></mentioned> / <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-il-o-s</mentioned>. It is a derivative of the common denominal adjective suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_lo_s">*-ló-s</ref></mentioned>, used to form adjectives and nouns. Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ilis"><ref target="#cog_lat_ilis">-ilis</ref></mentioned> is a cognate (compare adjectives such as <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_facilis"><ref target="#cog_lat_facilis">facilis</ref></mentioned>and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_fragilis"><ref target="#cog_lat_fragilis">fragilis</ref></mentioned>). They are a part of the larger Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">l</mentioned>-suffixal complex even if they may not be identical in terms of their morphology <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="84–87">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 84–87</bibl>. See Igartua <bibl corresp="#igartua2014" ana="#omit-author">2014</bibl> for a comprehensive review of this suffix and its various Indo-European reflexes.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>-ilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>-ilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>-ilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>-iliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>-iliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>-ilammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>-ilōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>-ilammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-il</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-il</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-il, -el</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-il</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-il</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-il, -el</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-il, -el</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-le</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-il, -el</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-il</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-il</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-il</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-il</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-il</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-il</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-il</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-el</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-il</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-il</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-il, -el</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-il</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-ill</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-ill</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌹𐌻𐍃 (-ils)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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