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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ilhilaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ilhilaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_ulkos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ulkos</orth>
          <def>bad, evil</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1elkos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁élḱos</orth>
          <def>sore, ulcer</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ilhilaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ilhilaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ilhilaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈil.xi.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛁᛚᚺᛁᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>evil, bad</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-, compare Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1elkos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1elkos">*h₁élḱos</ref></mentioned> (‘sore, ulcer’). Possibly cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_ulkos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_ulkos">*ulkos</ref></mentioned> (‘bad, evil’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ilhilaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhiliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhiliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ilhilammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ilhilōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ilhilammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>illr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>illur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>illur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ill, ill’e (idl’e), idl’u</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>illr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>ille, ill, il</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>ill</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>ill</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Yola</lang>
                      <orth>ill</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>illr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>illæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ilde</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>ille</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>illr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ilder, īller</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>illa</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ilkëda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>ilge</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Inari Sami</lang>
                    <orth>ilgâd</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Ingrian</lang>
                    <orth>ilkiä</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Karelian</lang>
                    <orth>ilkie, ilgie</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Livvi</lang>
                    <orth>ilgei</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Northern Sami</lang>
                    <orth>ilgat</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ilkëda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>ilkeä</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Votic</lang>
                      <orth>hilkiä</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ilkëda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Votic</lang>
                    <orth>ilka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Kukkuzi</lang>
                      <orth>ilkiä</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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