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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-inōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_inōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="scheungraber2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FNK6H83L">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Die Entwicklung der urindogermanischen Nasalpräsentien im Germanischen</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Corinna</forename>
              <surname>Scheungraber</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_inona" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-inōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-inōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">i.nɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛁᚾᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">verb</gram>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms Weak class 2 denominative verbs from nouns denoting persons, professions, offices, or social roles, with the meaning ‘to be X, serve as X, act as X; perform the office or function of X’</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-in-</mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ona"><ref target="#pgmc_ona">*-ōną</ref></mentioned>.  The first element is from an Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem, which frequently formed individualizing or appurtenance-denoting nouns, including nouns for persons and offices. The second element is the regular Weak class 2 denominative verb suffix, ultimately continuing pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-eh₂-yé/ó-</mentioned> from nominal bases in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-eh₂ </mentioned><bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="200">Ringe 2017: 200</bibl>. The suffix is a secondary PGmc resegmentation: verbs of the type <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*X-in-ōną</mentioned>, originally formed to<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> n</mentioned>-stems, were later reanalyzed as *<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">X- + *-inōną</mentioned>.  This is development is similar to Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_isona"><ref target="#pgmc_isona">*-isōną</ref></mentioned>, which was similarly extracted from Weak class 2 verbs based on nouns ending in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-is-</mentioned>. This new form was later extended to bases that were not historical <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stems, as in <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_lekinona"><ref target="#pgmc_lekinona">*lēkinōną</ref></mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_lekijaz"><ref target="#pgmc_lekijaz">*lēkijaz</ref></mentioned>, a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">ja</mentioned>-stem noun <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="255–56">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 255–56</bibl> <bibl corresp="#scheungraber2010" n="145">Scheungraber 2010: 145</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-inō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-inǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-inōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-inōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-inōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-inōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-inōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-inōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-inōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-inōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-inōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-inōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-inōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-inōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>-inōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>-inōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>-inōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>-inōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-inōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-inōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-inōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-inōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>-inōną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>-inōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>-inōdaz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-inōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*inon</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-enen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-inōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-nian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-nien, -enien, -nen, -enen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-in, -en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-inōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-nia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-enje</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-enje</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-inōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-inōn, -anōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-enen, -nen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-inōn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*inōn, -nōn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-enen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-na</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>-ne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>-ne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>-ne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-na</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 (-inōn)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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