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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-iz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_iz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-yos- ~ *-is-</orth>
          <def type="function">derives adjectives meaning ‘exceptionally X’</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_magis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>magis</orth>
          <def>more</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_iz_1" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-iz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">iz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">adverb</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms comparative adverbs, equivalent to English “-er” or ‘more’, with the sense ‘more X, X-er, rather X’</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-is-</mentioned>, the zero-grade of the inherited comparative/elative suffix  <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is">*-yos- ~ *-is-</ref></mentioned>. In adverbs it was uninflected. Compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_magis"><ref target="#cog_lat_magis">magis</ref></mentioned>, which preserves the same inherited adverbial use of the suffix. There is also a similar, parallel comparative adverbial suffix in Proto-Germanic, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ōz</mentioned>. PGmc <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-iz</mentioned> was used with adverbs derived from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">i-</mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u-,</mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">ja</mentioned>-stem adjectives, while <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ōz</mentioned> was used primarily with adverbs derived from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">a/ō</mentioned>-stem adjectives. But note that the distribution of these suffixes in adverbs based on <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">a/ō</mentioned>-stem adjectives was both lexical and analogical and not completely predictable <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="218–20">Fulk 2018: 218–20</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-iʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-ir, -er</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-er</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-er</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-iʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-ra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-er</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-er</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-iʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-ra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-er</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-ar, -ir</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>-er</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-iʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-er</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-er</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-iʀ</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-ir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-er</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-er</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-r</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-ur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-ur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌹𐍃 (-is)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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