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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *jesaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_jesaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_yes" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*yes-</orth>
          <def>to well, seethe, foam, ferment</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_jesana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jesaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>jesaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈje.sɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛃᛖᛊᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 5</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to ferment</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yes"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yes">*yes-</ref></mentioned> (‘to well, seethe, foam, ferment’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>jesō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>jesaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>jesai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jisizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jesaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jes</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jesazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jesaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jisidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jesai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jesadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jesadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jesaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>jesōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>jesaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>jesadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>jesaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>jesadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>jesamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>jesaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>jesandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>jesaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jisid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jesaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jisid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jesandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jesaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jesandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jesain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jesandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jesandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jesaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>jas</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>jēzį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jast</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>jēzīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jas</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>jēzī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>jēzū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>jēzīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>jēzudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>jēzīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>jēzum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>jēzīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jēzud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>jēzīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jēzun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>jēzīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>jesandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>jezanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>jesaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                  <orth>*jesa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>jeese</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>jesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>jësen, gësen, gëren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>gären</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>gesan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>jësen, gësen, gëren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>gären</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>œsa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>jäso</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>æsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>asa, esja, æsa</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>jäsa, esa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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