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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *jungaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_jungaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2yuhnkos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂yuHn̥ḱós</orth>
          <def>young</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_jungaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jungaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>jungaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈjuŋ.ɡɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛃᚢᚾᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>young</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2yuhnkos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2yuhnkos">*h₂yuHn̥ḱós</ref></mentioned> (‘young’), from *h₂yuh₁en- (‘idem’). The shortening of the vowel from earlier *-uHun- is due to Osthoff's law.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>junganǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>junganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>junganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>junganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>jungaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>jungaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>jungaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>jungô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>junganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>junganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>junganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>junginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>junginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>junganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>junganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>jungini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>jungammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>junginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>junginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>jungammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>jungōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>jungammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*jung</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>junc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>jonc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>jong, jonk</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*jung</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>junc</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>jonc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>jong</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>jonk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>junggu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>jun</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Papiamentu</lang>
                          <orth>yòn, jonk</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>njonku</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>jungu</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*jung</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ġeong, ġing, ġiong, ġiung, ġung, iong, iung, ġeng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>yong</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>young</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>young</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*jung</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>jung</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jung, junk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>jong</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*jung</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>jung</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>junc</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>jung, jungu, jungà, junhs, jòng</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>junk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>jonk</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>jung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>jung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>jung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>יונג (yung)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*jung</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>jung</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>junk</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>jung</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Polabian</lang>
                        <orth>jungĕ</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ungg</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ungur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>unggar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ungur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ung, ong</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>onger</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ungær, ung</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ung</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>ung</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ungr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>unger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ung</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌾𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍃 (juggs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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