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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *justaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_justaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_uwd" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>uwd</orth>
          <def>porridge</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_yewhs" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*yéwHs</orth>
          <def>sap, juice, broth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ius" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>iūs</orth>
          <def>juice, broth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_juse" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>jū́šė</orth>
          <def>fish soup</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_justaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/justaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>justaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈjus.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᛃᚢᛊᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cheese</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yewhs"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yewhs">*yéwHs</ref></mentioned> (‘sap, juice, broth’), from *yewH- (‘to blend, mix (food), knead’). Cognate with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_ius"><ref target="#cog_lat_ius">iūs</ref></mentioned> (‘juice, broth’), Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_uwd"><ref target="#cog_cym_uwd">uwd</ref></mentioned> (‘porridge’), and dialectal Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_juse"><ref target="#cog_lit_juse">jū́šė</ref></mentioned> (‘fish soup’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>justaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>justōz, justōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>justą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>justanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>justas, justis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>justǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>justai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>justamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>justō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>justamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>just</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>justōz, justōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ostr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ost</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ostur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ostur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>ost</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>ost</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ostr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>oster</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ost, ust</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*juusto</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Estonian</lang>
                    <orth>juust</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Finnish</lang>
                    <orth>juusto</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Ingrian</lang>
                    <orth>juusso</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Votic</lang>
                    <orth>juusso</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*vuostā</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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