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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kaflaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kaflaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_gobbos" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*gobbos</orth>
          <def>muzzle, snout</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_z_vati_x2" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*žьvàti</orth>
          <def>to chew</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_zob" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*zȍbь</orth>
          <def>fodder</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaflaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaflaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kaflaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑɸ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᚠᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>jaw</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵóp-wl̥ ~ *ǵép-uns, from *ǵep- (‘to eat, chew’). Cognate with Old Norse kjaptr (‘jaw’), from Proto-Germanic *kefutaz both paralleling *habulō (‘head’), *haubudą (‘head’), from *kap- (‘head’). Perhaps also cognate with Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_z_vati_x2"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_z_vati_x2">*žьvàti</ref></mentioned> (‘to chew’) (whence Serbo-Croatian žvakati), Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="cel-x-proto" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_gobbos"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_gobbos">*gobbos</ref></mentioned> (‘muzzle, snout’) (whence Middle Irish gop). See also Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zob"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_zob">*zȍbь</ref></mentioned> (‘fodder’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kaflaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kaflōz, kaflōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kaflą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kaflanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kaflas, kaflis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kaflǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kaflai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kaflamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kaflō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kaflamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kafl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kaflōz, kaflōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kafl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kaval</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cavel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>kavel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kafl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċeafl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>chavel, chevel, chaule, chawel, chavyl, chawil, chawyl, chavalle, chaul, chewil, chawle, chawl, chefle, chafle, jawe, jawle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>jowl, chavel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>chowl, chow, chew</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>choule</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kafl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kafl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kavel</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>káfl</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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