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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kaisaraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kaisaraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaisaraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaisaraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kaisaraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑi̯.sɑ.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᛁᛊᚨᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>emperor (of Rome)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Borrowed at a post-Proto-Germanic stage from Latin Caesar. According to Ringe, the Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar) is an independent borrowing.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>kaisaraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>kaisarōz, kaisarōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>kaisarą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>kaisaranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>kaisaras, kaisaris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>kaisarǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>kaisarai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>kaisaramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>kaisarō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>kaisaramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>kaisar</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>kaisarōz, kaisarōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>keiser</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>keiser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>keizer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cāsere, cāsaer, cāser, kāsere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>casere, kasere, caser, casare, kasar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>casar, casere, cazard</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kaiser, keiser</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Kaiser</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>keizer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>keisar, keisur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>Kaiser, kaiser</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>Kaiser</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>keisar, keisur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>keiser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Keeser</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קייסער (keyser)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>keisar, keisur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>keiser</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Russian</lang>
                          <orth>ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Upper Sorbian</lang>
                          <orth>kejžor</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kēsar, *keisari</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>*keisere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Kjeisa</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kēsar, *keisari</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>keisari</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>kejser</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>keisari</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                        <orth>kaisare</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                        <orth>keisari</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>?</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaisar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kēsar, *keisari</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                      <orth>keisari</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>keysar, keysare</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Finnish</lang>
                          <orth>keisari</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>kejsare</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>Kjárr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*Kéarr</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Slavic</lang>
                  <orth>*cěsařь</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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