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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kaizwijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kaizwijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ger" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ger-</orth>
          <def>to bend, turn</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_geys" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*geys-</orth>
          <def>to turn, become</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaizwijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaizwijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kaizwijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑi̯z.wi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᛁᛉᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to turn</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to direct</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain, as the variations between *kaiz- and *kar- cannot be explained as being inherited from Proto-Indo-European. Pokorny compares Old Armenian կքեմ (kkʻem, ‘to bow, bend’) and Russian жи́хать (žíxatʹ, ‘to bend’), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ger"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ger">*ger-</ref></mentioned> (‘to bend, turn’), but this is purely speculative. Kroonen instead derives the verb from a Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_geys"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_geys">*geys-</ref></mentioned> (‘to turn, become’), and compares Hittite [script needed] (kīša(ri) ~ kišanta(ri), ‘to happen, occur, become’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaizwijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaizwijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaizwijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaizwijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaizwijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaizwidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaizwidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kaizwidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaizwidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaizwidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kaizwidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kaizwijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kaizwidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kaizwijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaiʀwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*kēren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>kêren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>keren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaiʀwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>cierran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cherren, charren, charen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>char, chare</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>char, chare</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaiʀwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>keren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>keren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kehren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kaiʀwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kērian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kēren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>keren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>keyra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>tjyöra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>koyra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>kåire</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>keyra</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scanian</lang>
                    <orth>køra</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>keyra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>cairen, kayren</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>cair</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>keyra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>?</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>kjøre</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>køyre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>keyra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kø̄ræ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>køre</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>keyra</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kø̄ra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>köra</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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