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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kalaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kalaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_gelu" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>gelū</orth>
          <def>frost, cold</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kalana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kalaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kalaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑ.lɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᛚᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to be cold, to freeze</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European *gól-, the o-grade root present of *gel- (‘cold’). Related to Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_gelu"><ref target="#cog_lat_gelu">gelū</ref></mentioned> (‘frost, cold’).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kalaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kalizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kalaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kal</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kalazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kalaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kalidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaladau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kaladai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kalaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kalōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>kalaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kalaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>kaladiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kalamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kalaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kalandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kalaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kalid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kalaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kalid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kalandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kalaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kalandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kalain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kalandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kalandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kalaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kōl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>kōlį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kōlt</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>kōlīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kōl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>kōlī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>kōlū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>kōlīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>kōludiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>kōlīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kōlum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>kōlīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kōlud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>kōlīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kōlun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>kōlīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>kalandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>kalanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>kalaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>calan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>calen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kala</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kala</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kala, kalen</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kala</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*kalëda</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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