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<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *kaldaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_kaldaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_kaldaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>kaldaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈkɑl.dɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚲᚨᛚᛞᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>cold</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the original past participle of *kalaną, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gel-. Diachronically from Proto-Indo-European *goltós.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>kaldaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>kaldaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>kaldaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>kaldammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>kaldōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>kaldammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*calt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cout, calt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>kaad</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>koed, kod</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*calt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>cout, calt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>koud</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>koud</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Berbice Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kautu</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Kwinti</lang>
                          <orth>kowru</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Negerhollands</lang>
                          <orth>koud, koude, kout, kot, kou</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saramaccan</lang>
                          <orth>koto</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Skepi Creole Dutch</lang>
                          <orth>kout</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ċeald, cald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>cold, cald, chald, cheald, cheld, coold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>cold, cowd, cald, coath</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Geordie</lang>
                        <orth>cawd, cauld</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>cald, cauld</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yola</lang>
                        <orth>coale, khoal, cole</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>kald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>koold</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>kâld</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>kalt</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>kalt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>chalt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>ckolt, kholt, kòlt, koid, kålt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>kalt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>kalt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>kal</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Pennsylvania German</lang>
                        <orth>kalt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Vilamovian</lang>
                        <orth>kāłt</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>קאַלט (kalt)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kolt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>kolt</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*kald</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>kald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>kolt</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>kold</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>German Low German</lang>
                          <orth>kold, kol, koll, kolt, koolt, koold</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Westphalian</lang>
                          <orth>?</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kaldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>kold</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>kaldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Gutnish</lang>
                    <orth>kaldar</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>kaldur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>kald</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>kald, kald’u, kald’e</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kaldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>kald</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>kold</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>kold</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>kaldr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>kalder, kaller</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>kall</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌳𐍃 (kalds)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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